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The revised Cannabis Control Act (Act No. 84 of 2023), in force since 12 December 2024 together with amendments to the Narcotics Control Act, replaced Japan's 1948 regime, criminalized cannabis use and confined cultivation to a two-tier licence system operating from March 2025. Type 1 prefectural licences cover low-THC hemp (0.3% or less, dry weight) that must be grown from approved seed varieties, while Type 2 licences from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare cover cultivation for medical raw materials. Unlicensed sale, purchase or transfer of germinable cannabis seeds is prohibited; only sterilized (non-viable) seeds circulate freely for food use.
