France

France allows cannabis only as industrial hemp: Article R.5132-86 of the Code de la santé publique and the arrêté of 30 December 2021 restrict cultivation, import and sale to certified seed of catalogue-listed varieties with THC not exceeding 0.3%, reserved to professional operators, with hemp growing by private individuals prohibited even from certified seed. Seeds of non-certified, drug-type cannabis varieties fall within the narcotics prohibition, and marketing them can additionally be prosecuted as provocation to drug use under Article L.3421-4 of the same code. France recognizes no collector-seed exemption comparable to Spain or the UK.